Growing Strawberries in Coco Coir: Bags, EC, pH, Drain

The short answer: strawberries grow well in coco coir if you treat the bag as a small, fast-draining reservoir and manage it by numbers. Wet new bags fully and check the drain EC before planting (growers aim for roughly 0.8–1.2 mS/cm at planting), feed at about EC 1.0–1.6 mS/cm and pH 5.5–6.0 depending on stage and source, keep 20–30 % of what you apply running out as drain, and hold root-zone EC under about 1.2 mS/cm. With unbuffered coir, raise calcium and magnesium for the first few weeks while the fibre takes up those ions. Keep the crown near 18 °C and manage night humidity, because tip burn in strawberries is mostly a transpiration problem, not a shortage of calcium in the bag.

Key figures

• Most large UK strawberry growers now grow in coir; 100 % coir was the "grower standard" in a North Carolina greenhouse trial (Agrovista, 2020; NC State Extension, 2023).
• Table-top bags: 10–16 cm high, 14–26 litres per linear metre, 11–13 plants per metre (Pelemix agronomist J. Cánovas, HortiDaily, 2026).
• Minimum substrate volume: 2 litres per plant (Ohio State University, CEBPI).
• Drain target: 20–30 % of applied volume; 6–12 irrigation events a day, about 200–400 mL per plant per day (Ohio State University).
• Root-zone EC above 1.2 dS/m: flush; root-zone pH above 7.0: iron chlorosis on young leaves (Ohio State University).
• Strawberry salinity threshold: ECe 1.0 dS/m, then about 33 % yield loss per additional dS/m (Maas and Hoffman, 1977, via University of California).

Why coir is the usual substrate for table-top strawberries

Soft-fruit growers moved to substrate for reasons that had little to do with coir itself: shortages of clean land, loss of soil sterilants, planning limits on new sites and the cost of picking at ground level. Once the crop was on tables, the substrate had to be light, consistent, re-wettable and free-draining. Coir met those needs, and Agrovista's 2020 review of UK systems notes that coir is now the substrate most major UK strawberry growers use, having largely replaced the peat bags common fifteen years earlier. It credits plant health, yield and re-usability for coir's success.

The same pattern shows up in North America. In the NC State Extension trial of six substrates for greenhouse 'Albion', 100 % coir was the grower standard against which peat, perlite, bark and wood-fibre blends were compared. Coir's weakness in that market is logistics, not agronomy: the authors note that rising demand "has stressed the supply of coir" and that transport cost from Asia is significant.

What makes coir suit strawberries specifically:

• Air and water balance. Coir pith holds water but drains quickly after irrigation, so a 10–16 cm bag can be watered many times a day without staying saturated. Growers in full production irrigate 10–14 times a day (New Forest Fruit, Agrovista, 2017).
• Fast re-wetting. Dried-back coir takes water again, which lets growers "steer" the crop by drying the bag down between irrigations.
• Structural stability. Coir breaks down slowly, which is why it can be re-used for two or three seasons (see below).
• Particle choice. Blends from 100 % pith to 40/60 chips/pith let growers match the bag to climate and season.

Coir does not come without conditions. It arrives with potassium and sodium on its exchange sites and little calcium or magnesium, it can be salty if poorly washed, and its properties vary between sources. The rest of this article is about handling those conditions. For the product side, see our coir for berry growers page.

Bag, trough and slab formats

Three formats dominate table-top strawberries. All three are usually filled with coir.

Format	Typical use	Advantages	Drawbacks
Pre-filled grow bag (compressed coir in a white/black film sleeve with pre-cut holes)	Pipe-and-wire tables, gutters	Lowest set-up cost; enclosed surface means lower evaporation and less weed germination; fits most support systems	Planting positions fixed by the pre-cut holes; coir replaced with the bag
Trough (plastic, 0.5 m or 1 m, filled with loose coir or a slab)	Dedicated table-top systems	Plant number per metre can be varied; trough can be moved without root disturbance; coir replacement cheaper long-term	Specific support needs; must be washed and sterilised when coir is changed; exposed surface raises evaporation and weed risk; corners are hard to flush
Pot (individual, often 7 L)	Flexible or multi-crop layouts	Spacing can be changed per growing model	Same washing and exposed-surface points as troughs

Sources: Agrovista, "Troughs, pots or bags" (2020); Fruit Growers Tasmania, Coir Reuse project (2026), which flags waterlogging and poor salt flushing in trough corners.

Bag dimensions and plants per metre

Figures quoted by a Pelemix agronomist at the International Berry Congress (HortiDaily, 2026) give the range in commercial use:

Parameter	Common range
Bag height	10–16 cm
Coir volume	14–26 litres per linear metre
Plants	11–13 per linear metre
Table height	70–100 cm
Blend	100 % pith (warm climates) to 30/70 or 40/60 chips/pith (humid winters)
Film colour	White reflects heat (warm sites); black absorbs heat (winter, cool sites)

Research systems sit at the lower end of that density: the NC State trial used 0.5 m Bato containers with 4 plants each (8 per metre), and the NIBIO reuse trial in Norway used 8-litre, 50 × 18 cm trays with 4 plants each, 14 cm substrate depth, and assumed 13,000 half-metre trays per hectare. A Spanish hydroponics supplier quotes 105,000–125,000 plants per hectare for coir systems (HortiDaily, 2026). Ohio State University's guidance sets the floor: at least 2 litres of substrate per plant, and taller containers at the same volume drain better.

Larger bag volumes buffer against an irrigation failure on a hot afternoon; smaller volumes react faster to steering but need tighter control. Growers in humid winters move towards more chips for air; growers in hot, dry summers move towards pith for water holding. Our grow bags are filled to the blend and dimensions the grower specifies, and husk chips are available for the coarser fractions.

Pre-wetting and starting EC

New compressed bags must be fully hydrated before planting, for two reasons: dry pockets never wet up properly once roots are in, and the first flush carries out whatever salts the washing left behind.

Procedure

1. Lay bags flat on the table, drippers in place, before cutting drain slits. Fill with water or dilute feed until the bag is fully expanded. Bags typically take around 24 hours to hydrate fully (Agrovista, 2017).
2. Cut drain slits low on the side of the bag, not underneath, so a small reserve stays in the base.
3. Flush. A Korean study of coir-bag pretreatment (Kim, Lee and Kim, Journal of Bio-Environment Control, 2012) compared 7 days of water, 4 days water + 3 days nutrient solution, and 7 days nutrient solution. Drain EC fell to the level of the supply solution (below 1.0) by day 4 in all treatments; washing longer than 4 days "was waste of water". The authors recommend 3 days of water followed by 1 day of nutrient solution as the simplest economical option. Water-only washing stabilised salts but depleted calcium and magnesium, which is why the final day of feed matters.
4. Measure drain EC and pH before planting. A Hampshire grower quoted in The Fruit Grower (2015) said most bags arrive with EC above 2 when wetted and that 0.8–1.2 is "perfect for planting". Pure coir has a native pH of roughly 5.5–6.8; the NIBIO trial measured virgin coir at pH 6.49 and EC 120 µS/cm (0.12 mS/cm) in a laboratory extract.

The EC you read in drain water is not comparable with the EC on a supplier datasheet unless you know the extraction method. How washing and buffering change the numbers, and how the main test methods differ, is covered in our article on buffered vs unbuffered coco peat.

Calcium and magnesium in unbuffered coir

Coir has a cation exchange capacity (the NIBIO trial measured 59.8 cmol/kg for virgin coir, about half that of peat). Straight from the husk, most of those exchange sites hold potassium and sodium. When you start fertigating with a calcium-rich feed, calcium displaces potassium and sodium onto the exchange sites and is held there. Dr Hugh Poole, quoted by Hort Americas (2015), gives the practical consequence: "When 50 ppm calcium is incorporated in the fertilizer solution, the leachate may only contain 10 ppm calcium." Much of the difference is bound on the fibre and released later.

Buffered coir has had this exchange done in the factory with a calcium nitrate soak. Unbuffered (washed only) coir, which is what CVM supplies, has not. That does not rule it out for strawberries. The NC State trial used washed and buffered coir, but the 2015 UK article describes a Staffordshire grower trialling a bespoke washed, unbuffered bag, and Klasmann-Deilmann's coir page notes that growers who can wash and buffer on site may use washed coir. Poole's view is that if coir is washed to EC 0.5 mS/cm or lower, buffering is unnecessary for most crops, provided the feed is adjusted.

What to do with unbuffered coir:

• Raise Ca and Mg for the first two to four weeks. Poole's advice is to "start out with higher calcium and magnesium levels" in that period, then return to the normal recipe. Expect low Ca in the drain initially; that is the exchange happening, not a feed error.
• Expect extra potassium in the drain. Coir had the highest potassium of the three substrates in the NIBIO trial (1.51 g/kg dry matter against 0.75 for peat), and potassium fell in all substrates after the first cycle as it was leached and taken up. Trim feed K in the first weeks if drain K runs high.
• Supply magnesium whenever you supply calcium. Poole: "If calcium nitrate is used to buffer the coir, magnesium has to be provided as well." The same applies to the in-bag exchange with unbuffered coir.
• Watch the K:Ca ratio. Adak (2019) grew 'Albion' and 'Festival' in cocopeat at K:Ca ratios of 5.5/7.0, 5.0/7.0 and 6.0/6.0 mmol and found that "increasing K+/Ca2+ ratios significantly accelerated the tip burn incidence"; yield, firmness and lowest tip burn all came at 5.5/7.0.

Growers using reverse-osmosis water, which carries no calcium or magnesium of its own, need to be more careful than those on hard mains or borehole water.

Sodium: why strawberries need low-salt coir

Strawberry is among the most salt-sensitive horticultural crops. The Maas and Hoffman (1977) tolerance tables, as summarised by University of California Cooperative Extension, give a threshold saturated-extract EC of 1.0 dS/m with roughly 33 % yield loss for each 1 dS/m above it; tomato, for comparison, tolerates 2.5 dS/m with about 10 % loss per unit. The University of California strawberry disorders guide adds that the ion matters as much as the EC: chlorides are harmful "even at very low concentration (EC<1 dS/m)", sodium sulphate hurts below 3 dS/m, while potassium sulphate is tolerated to 5 dS/m. Plants are most sensitive just after planting, when the root system is small, and growth can slow before marginal leaf burn appears.

This is why the sodium in coir matters more for strawberries than for tomatoes or cucumbers. Both coir and peat carried relatively high sodium when new in the NIBIO trial (0.81 and 0.69 g/kg dry matter) and sodium fell with re-use as it leached. The practical rules:

• Specify washed coir with a stated EC and test method, and ask for the sodium figure, not just EC (see the buffered vs unbuffered spec guide).
• Flush before planting until drain EC matches the feed.
• Keep 20–30 % drain so sodium does not accumulate.
• Test your irrigation water for sodium and chloride; coir is only one of the inputs.

Irrigation and drain targets

Ohio State University's substrate strawberry guidance, based on work at Arizona and Ohio State, gives the most complete published set of numbers:

Parameter	Target
Irrigation events per day	6–12, small doses (about 33 mL per plant per event)
Daily volume	about 200–400 mL per plant, varying with evapotranspiration
Drain fraction	20–30 % of applied volume
Root-zone (drain) EC	not above 1.2 dS/m; flush with water if it is
First irrigations of the day	should produce little or no drain; measurable drain early means the bag is too wet
Monitoring	daily EC, pH and volume of both drip and drain

The Pelemix figures from HortiDaily match the drain fraction (20–30 %) for coir bags. A Japanese study of 'Saga-honoka' in peat bags (Inazumi et al., Okayama University, 2013) arrived at a higher 30–40 % drain and a drain EC of 50–60 mS/m (0.5–0.6 dS/m), so there is a spread in the literature; dull weather and small plants push you towards the low end, bright weather and full canopies towards the high end.

Two coir-specific points. First, coir bags are enclosed and shallow, so the whole bag responds within hours; the Dutch grower Inti-Tray, after six years on pure coir, told HortiDaily that it "has to be quite precise when it comes to irrigation and fertilization". Second, do not use heavy flushing to correct a bag problem in the crop. UK advisers quoted in 2015 warned that over-irrigation cools the roots, checks root growth and adds humidity under the canopy; correct the bag before planting instead.

EC and pH targets by stage

Published feed recipes for substrate strawberries vary with cultivar, climate and water, so the table gives ranges and names the source for each.

Stage	Feed EC (mS/cm)	Notes and sources
Establishment (first 2–4 weeks)	0.7–1.0	Korean 'Seolhyang' schedule started at 0.68 dS/m for root development; Iranian trial used 0.9 in the vegetative stage. Raise Ca and Mg in unbuffered coir (Poole).
Vegetative to first flower	1.0–1.4	OSU full-strength solution is about 1.0 dS/m; NC State fed 1.4 mS throughout; 'Seolhyang' schedule 1.0.
Flowering and fruiting	1.2–1.8	'Seolhyang' 1.2 at early harvest, back to 1.0 late; Iranian trial found best fruit size and weight at 1.3 across stages; NIBIO fed 1.6; a Spanish supplier quotes 1.4–1.8.
Root-zone (drain) ceiling	1.2 dS/m	OSU: flush above this.

The NC State recipe shows how the ratios shift rather than only the total: NO3-N 150 ppm, NH4-N 9, P 41, K 150 rising to 240 at fruiting, Ca 140 falling to 115 at fruiting, Mg 35, S 40, pH 5.5, EC 1.4 mS. Given the K:Ca findings above, that late-season shift towards potassium is where tip burn risk rises, so hold the drain K:Ca in view when you follow it.

pH. Ohio State recommends a feed pH of 5.5–6.0 (occasionally below 5.5), aiming for a root-zone pH of 6.0–6.5 after fertigation, with about 10 % of nitrogen as ammonium to hold the root-zone pH down. Coir's native pH sits in the same range (5.5–6.8), so no liming is needed, unlike the peat and bark blends in the NC State trial, which were limed to about 5.6.

Root-zone temperature

Strawberry flowers and leaves form in the crown, which sits on the substrate surface, so crown temperature tracks root-zone temperature more than air temperature does. Ohio State reports an optimum crown temperature of 18 °C and about a 10 % yield increase from crown-temperature control in winter trials. Its air targets are 20–24 °C by day and 10–12 °C at night, for a 24-hour mean near 18 °C; night temperatures above 16–18 °C raise fruit acidity. Sources do not agree on a single root-zone figure: a 2026 NFT trial in a tropical climate found 15 °C best of 10, 15 and 20 °C for 'Festival', while a Spanish hydroponics supplier quotes around 20 °C.

Coir affects this in two ways. Shallow bags on an open table follow air temperature closely, so root temperatures swing more than they would in soil. And the bag film matters: white film reflects heat and gives margin in hot climates; black film warms the root zone in winter (Pelemix). Keep fine fractions high in cool conditions for water-holding and thermal mass, and consider white film or shading on the bag in summer.

Common problems and fixes

Symptom	Likely cause in coir systems	Fix
Brown, dead margins on the youngest leaves and calyces (tip burn)	Localised calcium shortage in fast-growing tissue, usually because transpiration is too low at night or too high by day; high K:Ca in the feed makes it worse	Ohio State: raise humidity to about 95 % at plant level for at least 3 hours a night on 2–3 consecutive nights (below-trough misting, not on foliage); lower feed K:Ca; adding more Ca to the solution alone "does not solve the problem"
Marginal burn on older leaves, slow growth, especially soon after planting	Salt injury (EC, sodium, chloride)	Check drain EC and sodium; flush with water; confirm bag was pre-flushed; test irrigation water
Yellow-green youngest leaves, green veins	Iron chlorosis from root-zone pH above about 6.5–7.0, or from waterlogged roots	Lower feed pH, add ammonium share; chelated iron (FeEDDHA) if pH cannot be corrected quickly; check drainage. Yara: Fe availability declines above pH 6.5
Drain at first irrigation of the day, pale roots, slow uptake	Bag too wet; fines have migrated and blocked the base (common in second-season coir)	Cut more or lower drain slits; delay first irrigation; fewer, later events; move to a chip-heavier blend; replace badly compacted bags
Low drain calcium and extra potassium in the first weeks	Exchange sites in unbuffered coir taking up Ca and Mg	Expected; run higher Ca and Mg for 2–4 weeks and trim K
Bags that did not expand or have dry pockets	Incomplete hydration, uneven fill	Hydrate for a full day before cutting slits; reject bags that do not expand

Sources: Ohio State University CEBPI pages on tipburn, fertigation and environment; University of California strawberry disorders guide; Yara iron deficiency page; Fruit Growers Tasmania Coir Reuse project; Agrovista (2015, 2017).

Re-using coir for a second or third season

Coir is one of the few substrates where re-use is routine. UK growers "often" re-use bags for two or three seasons (Agrovista, 2017). The evidence on what happens:

• Yield. In the NIBIO polytunnel trial of 'Malling Centenary' in coir, peat/perlite and wood fibre, all three substrates could be re-used for up to three seasons without serious yield loss. Peat and wood fibre yielded slightly more in year one; coir was the most stable across cycles and matched or exceeded the others by year three (Woznicki et al., Frontiers in Plant Science, 2024). NIAB's UK work found little yield decline for June-bearers replanted into pathogen-free used coir, but a 6–7 % per year decline for everbearers (HortiDaily, 2025).
• Physics. Re-used coir loses air-filled porosity and gains water-holding capacity (NIAB). The Tasmanian Coir Reuse project traced the second-year yield penalty mainly to physical breakdown: fines and old roots move down and block pores in the lower bag, the base stays wet while the surface looks fine, and localised EC builds up in zones that are hard to flush. Irrigation for re-used coir must be set separately from new coir or over-watering follows.
• Chemistry. Potassium and sodium fall with re-use as they leach; calcium is retained (NIBIO). Re-used coir is, in effect, partly buffered by its first crop.
• Disease. Crown rot (Phytophthora cactorum) tended to increase in directly re-used and composted coir but not in fully recycled (processed) coir (NIAB). Sanitation is advised where the first crop had disease.
• Side benefits. At a Kent farm, recycled coir cropped 7–10 days earlier and used 12 % less fertigation than virgin bags (NIAB).

Economics depend on coir price, fruit price and the yield penalty. The Tasmanian analysis found fresh coir for a single season gave the strongest gross margin under its assumptions, and that any saving from re-use can be erased by a yield loss, so trial re-use on a few bays side by side with new coir before committing.

Coir vs peat for strawberries

Most trials find little difference in yield once irrigation is tuned to each material. The Agroscope trial of everbearers (2010) found no significant difference in yield, fruit size or quality between peat, coir, compost, wood fibre and composted bark. In the NC State 'Albion' trial, 100 % coir gave 883 g marketable fruit per plant against 974 g for a European peat mix in the long second experiment, with no statistically significant difference between the two. The exception is an older Japanese study of 'Akihime' where yield fell as the coir share rose, linked to lower water uptake in late winter, which points to irrigation set-up rather than the material.

Where the two differ for strawberry growers: coir re-wets after drying and is routinely re-used; peat needs liming and has the lower native pH; coir brings potassium and sodium that must be flushed, peat brings neither; and peat is under regulatory and retailer pressure in Europe. Lab figures from the NIBIO trial show the chemistry side: virgin coir pH 6.49, K 1.51 g/kg, Ca 5.67 g/kg; virgin limed peat pH 6.59, K 0.75 g/kg, Ca 15.67 g/kg. The full comparison is on our coir vs peat page.

Specifying coir for strawberries

When you order bags or loose coir for strawberries, the specification should include:

• Blend (pith, crush/chip fractions and their size ranges), bag height, litres per metre and hole pattern.
• Washed, with EC and the extraction method stated, plus sodium and potassium figures. Buffered or unbuffered, and if unbuffered, your plan for Ca and Mg in the first weeks.
• Film colour and gauge for your climate and the number of seasons you expect to use the bag.
• A small trial lot before a full-season order, because coir properties vary between sources and batches (Ohio State's advice as well as ours).

CVM supplies washed, unbuffered coco peat in grow bags, slabs and blocks, with blends to the grower's specification. Tell us your bag dimensions, blend and target EC and we will quote: contact us.

FAQ

How many strawberry plants per metre in a coir grow bag?

Commercial table-top bags of 14–26 litres per metre typically carry 11–13 plants per linear metre, according to figures presented at the International Berry Congress in 2026. Research systems often run lower, around 8 per metre in half-metre troughs. Ohio State recommends a minimum of 2 litres of substrate per plant, and taller bags drain better at the same volume.

What EC should the drain be when growing strawberries in coir?

Ohio State's guidance is that root-zone (drain) EC should not exceed 1.2 dS/m, and growers flush with water above that. A Japanese peat-bag study suggested a drain EC of 0.5–0.6 dS/m with 30–40 % drain. Measure drain EC and volume daily and compare with the feed; a drain EC climbing well above feed EC means the drain fraction is too small.

Do I need buffered coir for strawberries?

Not necessarily. Buffered coir has had its exchange sites loaded with calcium in the factory. Well-washed unbuffered coir can be used if you flush the bag before planting and run higher calcium and magnesium for the first two to four weeks while the fibre takes those ions up. Because strawberries are salt-sensitive, the washing quality and the sodium figure matter more than whether the coir is buffered.

Why do my strawberries in coir get tip burn even though I feed calcium?

Tip burn is a localised calcium shortage in fast-growing tissue, and calcium only moves with water in the transpiration stream. Ohio State notes that there is often enough calcium in the root zone and that raising calcium in the feed alone does not solve it. Raise night humidity to about 95 % at plant level for at least three hours on consecutive nights, and lower the potassium-to-calcium ratio in the feed, which a 2019 trial in cocopeat showed increases tip burn when it is high.

What pH should coir be for strawberries?

Aim for a feed pH of 5.5–6.0 so that the root zone settles at 6.0–6.5 after fertigation. Coir's native pH is usually 5.5–6.8, so it needs no lime. Above pH 6.5 iron availability falls, and above 7.0 young leaves turn yellow-green from iron deficiency. A small share of ammonium nitrogen in the feed helps keep the root-zone pH from drifting up.

How many seasons can coir strawberry bags be re-used?

Two to three seasons is common. A Norwegian trial re-used coir for three seasons without serious yield loss, and UK trials found little decline for June-bearers in pathogen-free used coir but 6–7 % per year for everbearers. The main risk is physical: fines move down and block the base of the bag, so re-used coir holds more water and needs its own irrigation settings. Crown rot can increase in directly re-used coir where the first crop had it.

Is coir or peat better for strawberries?

Yield is usually similar once irrigation is tuned to the material; several trials found no significant difference. Coir re-wets after drying, is re-used routinely, needs no lime and is not under the regulatory pressure peat faces in Europe. Peat brings more calcium and no potassium or sodium, so it needs less flushing at the start. Most large European table-top growers have settled on coir.

What root temperature do strawberries in coir bags need?

Ohio State gives an optimum crown temperature of 18 °C, with air at 20–24 °C by day and 10–12 °C at night. A tropical NFT trial found 15 °C best of the temperatures it tested, and some suppliers quote 20 °C, so treat 15–20 °C as the working range. Shallow coir bags follow air temperature closely, so use white film in hot climates and black film or more pith in cool ones.

Sources

• Agrovista UK / The Fruit Grower: High quality of coir growing bags essential for strawberry production (2015)
• Agrovista UK / The Fruit Grower: Careful substrate selection brings increased yields (2017)
• Agrovista UK: Troughs, pots or bags – the debate continues (2020)
• Adak, N.: Effect of different K+/Ca2+ ratios on yield, quality and physiological disorder in soilless strawberry cultivation, Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 18(2) (2019)
• Fruit Growers Tasmania / RMCG: Coir Reuse project findings (2026)
• Hort Americas (D. Kuack, quoting Dr Hugh Poole): Buffering coir not necessary if it's processed properly (2015)
• HortiDaily: Coco coir substrate opens new possibilities for professional strawberry production (Pelemix, J. Cánovas) (2026)
• HortiDaily: Strawberry cultivation in hydroponics systems: yield and keys to optimizing production (Hydroponic Systems) (2026)
• HortiDaily: Optimising root zone temperature for strawberry growth (Abdullah et al.) (2026)
• HortiDaily: UK soft fruit growers stand to save through use of coir substrate (NIAB) (2025)
• Inazumi, D., Yoshida, Y., Goto, T., Murakami, K.: Effect of supplied amount and strength of nutrient solution on growth, yield and fruit quality of strawberry 'Saga-honoka', Scientific Reports of the Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University 102 (2013)
• Kim, S.E., Lee, M.H., Kim, Y.S.: Appropriate pretreatment method of coir bag in coir culture, Journal of Bio-Environment Control 21(3) (2012)
• Klasmann-Deilmann: Coir grow bags technical page (undated)
• Maas, E.V., Hoffman, G.J.: Crop salt tolerance – current assessment (1977), as summarised by University of California Cooperative Extension
• Ohio State University, CEA Berry Production Information (CEBPI): Substrate systems; Fertigation; Tipburn; Environment (undated)
• Pourhosseini et al.: Effect of nutrient solution EC programmes on hydroponic strawberry (Iran); and the 'Seolhyang' EC-by-stage study (Korea), as reported in their abstracts
• University of California ANR: Strawberry Disorders – Salts (undated)
• Wrenn, A.M., Jackson, B.E., Hoffmann, M.: Soil-less substrates for greenhouse strawberry production in the southeastern US, NC State Extension (2023)
• Woznicki, T., Kusnierek, K., Vandecasteele, B., Sønsteby, A.: Reuse of coir, peat and wood fiber in strawberry production, Frontiers in Plant Science 14 (2024)
• Yara UK: Strawberry iron deficiency (chlorosis) (undated)
• Agroscope: Strawberries on substrate: which alternatives to peat? (2010), abstract